The Central Texas summertime heat can be rough on all of us, but the hot weather can present even more health challenges for older adults. They are more likely to have chronic medical conditions that can cause changes in their bodies’ response to heat. All these changes can put older adults at a greater risk of heat illnesses: dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.

Heat-Related Health Hazards

Dehydration can occur when the body loses too much water and cannot function appropriately. Older adults’ compensatory mechanisms can be slowed down, not alerting them to a potential health problem. Blood vessels may become less elasticized which can affect blood pressure. Nerves do not always communicate as effectively with the part of the brain that reminds a person of the need for hydration. As body systems slow down with age, older adults may experience electrolyte imbalances that can lead to dangerous seizures and kidney injuries.

Certain medications may also increase the risk of dehydration in older adults including diuretics, laxatives, and antihistamines. The medications, whether prescription or over-the-counter, may make it harder for the body to regulate fluid balance and cool itself. It is important to talk to your primary care clinician or pharmacist about the medications and supplements you are taking to determine how they could affect you when the temperatures rise.

Heat exhaustion happens when the body cannot cool itself and may come on slowly. It often occurs when people are doing physical activity outside on hot humid days. People over 65 have a greater risk of developing heat exhaustion due to the inability to regulate their body temperature as easily.

Heat stroke, or overheating, is the most serious form of heat-related illness. The body temperature rises and the sweating mechanism shuts down, leaving your body with no ability to cool down. The body temperature can rise to 106 degrees or higher quickly. When this happens, immediate emergency treatment is needed.

Symptoms of Heat-Related Illnesses in Older Adults

Older adults and their caregivers should be aware of these heat-related illness symptoms:

• Dry mouth and eyes
• Inability to sweat
• Muscle cramps
• Fatigue/Lethargy
• Headaches/Dizziness
• Confusion
• Darker colored urine
• Rapid heart rate
• Skin tenting (Pinch the skin on the bottom of the foot, and if it maintains a tented shape for a few seconds, the person may be dehydrated.)

If you suspect you may be experiencing a heat-related illness, get inside to a cool location, turn on a fan if needed, and close curtains or blinds to block more of the sun’s heat. Drink plenty of water and avoid drinks that contain caffeine or alcohol. Dress in cool clothing. Reach out to your primary care team to discuss your symptoms and the possibility of any treatment needed.

Heat Illness Prevention in Older Adults

During the summer heat, we encourage older adults to prepare for the hot temperatures and prevent heat-related illness by following these tips:

• Avoid being outside in the hottest part of the day (usually 11:00 am - 5:00 pm)
• Carry a water bottle with you and schedule drinks throughout the day if you need to
• When drinking electrolyte beverages, choose the type with low sugar (excess sugar can exacerbate dehydration)
• Eat fruits and vegetables that contain water like watermelon, peaches, cucumbers, and lettuce
• Wear clothes made of breathable fabric
• Don’t forget the sunscreen protection